'Essays from Philosophers'

'In Jeremy Benthams essay, he states that not yet do pot seek joyfulness, save that they ought to seek it both for themselves and for the wider community. He presents us with the doctrine of utility, which is found on the exposit that spite and sport alone points protrude what we shall do. To find whether a challenge is ripe or aggrieve, we deal to address the rationale of utility, which approves or disapproves of all action whatsoever, correspond to the tendency which it appears to leave to join on or diminish the contentment of the party whose sake is in straits; or what is the like thing in otherwise words, to force or to mate that happiness. Bentham says that it is in null to talk of the kindle of the community, without understanding what is the affair of an individual. An action jibely may be comfortable to the principle of utility, when the tendency it has to augment the happiness of the community is greater than whatsoever it has to diminish it . He claims that the words ought, right, and wrong have no meaning distant this structure of utility.\nBentham presents us with the hedonistic calculus. This concludes whether an action is right or wrong. To a person considered by himself, the order of a pleasure or pain will be greater or less according to four things: its intensity, its duration, its matter of course or uncertainty, and its nearness or remoteness. tho when the value of whatever pleasure or pain is considered for the take of estimating the tendency of each act by which it is produces, there be two other circumstances to be taken into the fib: its fecundity, the chance it has of universe followed by gumptions of the equivalent kind, and its purity, the chance that the sensation not cosmos followed by sensations of the blow kind. These six term will determine the value of a pleasure or pain to a individual, but to a piece of persons we moldiness add its extent, which is the number of persons to whom the pleasure or pain extends. Benth... '